CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Novus Biologicals, part of Bio-Techne | Catalog # NB100-64867AF647
Clone YTH913.12 was used by HLDA to establish CD designation.
Conjugate
Catalog #
Key Product Details
Species Reactivity
Validated:
Human
Applications
Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
Label
Alexa Fluor 647 (Excitation = 650 nm, Emission = 668 nm)
Antibody Source
Monoclonal Rat IgG2B Clone # YTH913.12
Concentration
Please see the vial label for concentration. If unlisted please contact technical services.
Product Summary for CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Immunogen
Human peripheral blood T-cells
Specificity
NB100-64867 recognizes the human CD28 cell surface antigen, a 44kD glycoprotein expressed by a subset of T lymphocytes. The antibody enhances the MLR response. It has been reported that this clone also recognizes an epitope of CD28 expressed by NK cells, which is not recognized by clones of 9.3 or CD28.2.(2)
Clonality
Monoclonal
Host
Rat
Isotype
IgG2B
Scientific Data Images for CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Product Image: CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647] [NB100-64867AF647] - Vial of Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated antibody. Alexa Fluor 647 is optimally excited at 653 nm by the Red laser (633 or 640 nm) and has an emission maximum of 669 nm.
Applications for CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Application
Recommended Usage
Flow Cytometry
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Immunohistochemistry
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Immunohistochemistry-Frozen
Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Application Notes
Optimal dilution of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Please Note: Optimal dilutions of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Formulation, Preparation, and Storage
Purification
Protein G purified
Formulation
50mM Sodium Borate
Preservative
0.05% Sodium Azide
Concentration
Please see the vial label for concentration. If unlisted please contact technical services.
Shipping
The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage
Store at 4C in the dark.
Background: CD28
CD28 is the prototypical and best-characterized costimulatory molecule on T cells (4). Its signals are critical for optimal naive T cell activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and survival (4). In order to sustain T cell activation, CD28 will consolidate immunological synapse formation, increase cell cycle progression through upregulated D-cyclin expression, and aid in T cell survival by in inducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL (5). CD28 is constitutively expressed on naive and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells (5). CD28 deficiency has a large impact on T cell responses including activation, proliferation, immunoglobulin (Ig) class-switching, and germinal center (GC) formation (6). CD28 is a critical regulator of autoimmune diseases and tolerance to solid organ transplants in human patients (6). The CD28 pathway plays a central role in immune responses against pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection (7). CD28 engagement via antibodies augments the proliferation of T cells in response to immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies (8). Additionally, antibody engagement of CD28 can supply costimulation to T cells encountering APCs deficient in costimulatory ligands, such as CD80 and CD86, and prevents the resultant anergic state that otherwise occurs in the absence of costimulatory signaling (8).
References
1. Esensten, J. H., Helou, Y. A., Chopra, G., Weiss, A., & Bluestone, J. A. (2016). CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity, 44(5), 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020
2. Carreno, B. M., & Collins, M. (2002). The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annual review of immunology, 20, 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.091101.091806
3. Ward S. G. (1996). CD28: a signaling perspective. The Biochemical journal, 318 (Pt 2), 361-377. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3180361
4. Zhang, R., Huynh, A., Whitcher, G., Chang, J., Maltzman, J. S., & Turka, L. A. (2013). An obligate cell-intrinsic function for CD28 in Tregs. The Journal of clinical investigation, 123(2), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI65013
5. Evans, E. J., Esnouf, R. M., Manso-Sancho, R., Gilbert, R. J., James, J. R., Yu, C., Fennelly, J. A., Vowles, C., Hanke, T., Walse, B., Hunig, T., Sorensen, P., Stuart, D. I., & Davis, S. J. (2005). Crystal structure of a soluble CD28-Fab complex. Nature immunology, 6(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1170
6. Bour-Jordan, H., & Blueston, J. A. (2002). CD28 function: a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals. Journal of clinical immunology, 22(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014256417651
7. Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P. (1995). CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. The Journal of experimental medicine, 182(2), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.2.459
8. Luhder, F., Huang, Y., Dennehy, K. M., Guntermann, C., Muller, I., Winkler, E., Kerkau, T., Ikemizu, S., Davis, S. J., Hanke, T., & Hunig, T. (2003). Topological requirements and signaling properties of T cell-activating, anti-CD28 antibody superagonists. The Journal of experimental medicine, 197(8), 955-966. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021024
Alternate Names
CD28
Gene Symbol
CD28
Additional CD28 Products
Product Documents for CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Product Specific Notices for CD28 Antibody (YTH913.12) [Alexa Fluor® 647]
Alexa Fluor (R) products are provided under an intellectual property license from Life Technologies Corporation. The purchase of this product conveys to the buyer the non-transferable right to use the purchased product and components of the product only in research conducted by the buyer (whether the buyer is an academic or for-profit entity). The sale of this product is expressly conditioned on the buyer not using the product or its components, or any materials made using the product or its components, in any activity to generate revenue, which may include, but is not limited to use of the product or its components: (i) in manufacturing; (ii) to provide a service, information, or data in return for payment; (iii) for therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic purposes; or (iv) for resale, regardless of whether they are resold for use in research. For information on purchasing a license to this product for purposes other than as described above, contact Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA or outlicensing@lifetech.com. This conjugate is made on demand. Actual recovery may vary from the stated volume of this product. The volume will be greater than or equal to the unit size stated on the datasheet.
This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.
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