GDF-15: Lysates

GDF-15 (Growth Differentiation Factor 15) is a dimeric TGF-beta superfamily cytokine that is highly expressed in placenta and brain. It promotes neuronal survival and regulates neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin levels to suppress appetite. It is cardioprotective via inhibition of platelet activation, limiting atherosclerosis, promoting recovery following myocardial infarction, and regulating angiogenesis. GDF-15 also inhibits cartilage formation and the production of TNF-alpha production from LPS-stimulated macrophages.