INTENDED USE & DESCRIPTION
For use as quantitative controls for the determination of cytokine concentrations in biological fluids. Concentrations have been assigned using R&D Systems’ Quantikine® kits. Controls are prepared in a buffered protein solution with preservatives. They contain recombinant human cytokines at low, medium and high concentrations. Controls are supplied lyophilized.
STORAGE & STABILITY
Unreconstituted Controls should be stored at 2-8 °C and are stable for at least 6 months from date of receipt. Depending on the analyte of interest, reconstituted controls may be stable when stored at
REAGENT PREPARATION
Reconstitute each vial with the volume of deionized or distilled water indicated on the product datasheet.
PROCEDURE & EXPECTED VALUES
Controls should be assayed in the same manner as unknown specimens.
The acceptable ranges for the analytes in these controls are printed on the product datasheet. Due to possible variations in techniques and methodologies, it is recommended that each laboratory determine its own target range. Laboratories using other test systems should establish their own acceptable ranges as these assays may produce different values.
TECHNICAL HINTS & LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCEDURE
• The ranges were determined using R&D Systems’ Quantikine kits. If expected values are not obtained, verify that the lot numbers on the vials correspond with the lot numbers listed above and the correct volume of deionized or distilled water was used for reconstitution of the controls.
• The results obtained with these controls depend upon several factors associated with methods and instrumentation. Test systems other than those supplied by R&D Systems may result in values that differ from those printed on this product datasheet.
RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End product) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds advanced glycation end products (AGEs), beta-amyloid peptides, HMGB1/Amphoterin, and several S100 family proteins. AGEs are adducts formed by the non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids. A soluble form can also be generated by MMP-mediated shedding. RAGE is expressed in the CNS during development as well as in adult endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, monocytes, and neurons. It is locally upregulated in vascular inflammation (e.g. diabetes, atherosclerosis, vascular injury, Alzheimer’s disease). At these sites, RAGE binding to S100A1, EN-RAGE/S100A12, or S100B induces inflammatory immune cell adhesion and infiltration as well as vascular smooth muscle proliferation, neointimal expansion, atherosclerotic plaque development, and transport of A-beta into the cerebrospinal fluid. In cancer, RAGE binding to HMGB1, S100A8, or S100A9 promotes tumor growth and metastasis in addition to inflammatory cell infiltration.
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