Glucose Homeostasis

The cellular uptake and efflux of glucose is mediated by multipass transporters which are differentially expressed between tissues.

Glut family transporters are required for importing glucose into cells. They are most highly expressed in glucose-dependent organs such as brain, skeletal muscle, and kidney.

• Glut Family Antibodies and Conjugates >
• Glucose Transporter Inhibitors >

SGLT transporters are highly expressed in the kidney or small intestine. SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption from the renal glomerular filtrate and is an important pharmaceutical target for treatment of hyperglycemia.

• SGLT Antibodies and Conjugates >

Insulin is an anabolic peptide hormone that is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and promotes cellular glucose uptake and glycogen storage. It binds to the Insulin R which triggers signaling through IRS1 and IRS2. Dysregulation of insulin production or action is the defining characteristic of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, respectively.

• Insulin System Antibodies and Conjugates >
• Insulin System Bioactive Proteins >
• Insulin System ELISA Kits >
• Insulin Simple Plex™ Assay >
• Insulin System Proteome Profiler^® Antibody Arrays >
• Insulin and Insulin-like Receptor Inhibitors and Activators >

Glucagon is a catabolic peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells during times of fasting. It signals through Glucagon R and counterbalances Insulin’s effects by limiting Insulin secretion and promoting hepatic glycogenolysis.

• Glucagon System Antibodies and Conjugates >
• Glucagon System ELISA Kits >
• Glucagon and Related Receptor Agonists and Antagonists >

Internalized glucose is catabolized through glycolysis or converted to glycogen for energy storage, primarily in the liver. The expression of glucose and glycogen-metabolizing enzymes is controlled by transcription factors that are responsive to intracellular glucose levels.

• Glycogen Metabolism Antibodies >
• Glycogen Metabolism Recombinant Proteins >
• PPAR, MLX, NKX6.1, PDX-1, PGC1 Antibodies >
• Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway Inhibitors >
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitors >

Proteins and lipids can be non-enzymatically modified by glycation to generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as carboxymethyl lysine (CML). The binding of AGE-modified macromolecules to RAGE and scavenger receptors triggers widespread inflammatory reactions. Glycation is accelerated by hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and aging.

• AGE Receptor Antibodies and Conjugates >
• AGE Receptor Bioactive Proteins >
• AGE Receptor ELISA Kits >
• RAGE Simple Plex™ Assay >
• AGE Receptor Proteome Profiler^® Antibody Arrays >
• RAGE Antagonists >