Hypertension

The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is triggered by the cleavage of Angiotensinogen into multiple Angiotensin peptides by Renin, ACE/CD143, ACE-2, and other proteases. Angiotensin peptides regulate hemodynamics through wide ranging actions in the kidney, heart, vasculature, and sympathetic nervous system.

• RAS Interactive Pathway
• Angiotensin Peptides and Receptors Interactive Resource
• Angiotensin Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

The Endothelin-1 peptide is formed from Big Endothelin by the converting enzymes ECE-1 and ECE-2. It is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor, and it increases cardiac output and cardiomyocyte proliferation. ET-1 signals through type A and type B Endothelin receptors.

• Endothelin ELISA Kits
• Endothelin Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
• ECE-1 and ECE-2 Bioactive Proteins
• Endothelin System Antibodies and Conjugates

In addition to Angiotensin and Endothelin, many vasoactive peptide hormones (e.g. natriuretic peptides, Bradykinin, Vasopressin) contribute to the central and peripheral regulation of blood pressure, vascular tone, and ion homeostasis.

• Vasoactive Peptides Interactive Resource
• Vasoactive Peptides
• Vasoactive Peptide Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
• Vasoactive Peptides ELISA Kits
• Vasoactive Peptides and Receptors Antibodies
• Vasoactive Peptides and Receptors Bioactive Proteins

Vascular reactivity is regulated by various endogenous compounds including eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), purines, 5-HT/serotonin, histamine, and nitric oxide, plus adrenergic and cholinergic ligands. These molecules induce rapid vasoconstriction or relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle.

• Prostaglandin E2 ELISA Kits
• Leukotriene B4 ELISA Kits
• Thromboxane B2 ELISA Kits
• Prostanoid Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
• Nitric Oxide Reagents and Assays
• Histamine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
• Purinergic P2Y Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
• 5-HT Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

Vascular smooth muscle contractility is regulated by alterations in intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca²⁺]_i  in response to an external stimulus. Calcium ions may be released from intracellular stores, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or enter the cell via ion channels, including TRPV4 channels or L-type calcium channels (Ca_V1.x), resulting in alterations in membrane potential, which can be measured electrophysiologically.

This interactive tool dissects the cell types that make up the renal corpuscle including Bowman’s capsule and the glomerular tuft. It organizes secreted, cell surface, and intracellular molecules for the glomerular and parietal endothelium, macula densa, mesangium, tubule epithelium, podocytes, and also the glomerular basement membrane. Find the reagents and assays you need for research into filtration barrier function, tubule-glomerular feedback, ion homeostasis, and blood pressure control.